At the Oncofertility Consortium, we stress the importance of collaboration among clinicians, basic scientists, and the humanities in an effort to ensure that cancer patients have fertility options after treatment. This is no small feat, but the emerging field of oncofertility is constantly evolving as new fertility preservation techniques are developed, existing ones are improved and the impact of gonadotoxic cancer treatment is examined. In a new article written by oncofertility researchers, Katherine E. Dillon and Clarisa R. Gracia, and edited by Jacqueline Jeruss, in the journal, Current Treatments in Oncology, entitled, “Pediatric and Young Adult Patients and Oncofertility,” the authors explore the various fertility preservation options available to pediatric and young adult patients and argue that a team approach is needed between oncologists and reproductive endocrinologists in order to provide the best outcomes for young patients.

Among the fertility preservation techniques currently available, the authors discuss options available for both males and females including lesser known options for females such as oophoropexy (relocating the ovaries out of the radiation field to protect them from exposure during treatment), and hormone replacement therapy for pre-pubertal cancer patients. Options available for males are sperm banking and testicular tissue banking for pre-pubescent males. Testicular tissue banking is still experimental and requires further scientific development.

Increasing numbers of pediatric and young adult cancer patients are surviving well into their reproductive years, therefore the authors state that clinicians need to be informed about the impact of cancer therapies on both males and females, as well as the available fertility preservation techniques for this demographic. They also maintain that it is imperative for clinicians to understand the most recent advances in oncofertility to better understand the future direction of the field and potential fertility preservation techniques that will one day be practiced in a clinical setting. To read, “Pediatric and Young Adult Patients and Oncofertility,” please click here.

As previous studies have shown, women diagnosed with cancer during their reproductive years often do not receive adequate consultation, and sometimes none at all, regarding the fertility risks of cancer or its treatment.  Fertility is a unique survivorship issue that young cancer patients face, which can impact their quality-of-life after cancer treatment.  In the African American (AA) community, although more AA women are diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer than Caucasian women, little is known about patient awareness related to fertility or the rate at which providers are communicating potential fertility issues.

A new article in Supportive Care in Cancer by Oncofertility researchers, Susan T. Vadaparampil, Juliette Christie, Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Patrice Fleming, Caitlin Stowe, Bethanne Bower and Tuya Pal, entitled,  ”A pilot study to examine patient awareness and provider discussion of the impact of cancer treatment on fertility in a registry-based sample of African American women with breast cancer,” examines patient/provider communication in the African American breast cancer population.  The authors studied AA women under the age of 50, diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2005 and 2006 in an effort to better understand the fertility communication and awareness barriers that may be in place for AA women being treated for breast cancer.

Similar to other studies, the authors found that a substantial proportion of young AA breast cancer patients were unaware of the impact breast cancer treatment would have on their fertility.  One half of young AA women diagnosed with breast cancer reported no discussion with their providers of fertility risks associated with their treatment.  The exception -women who were younger, had no children or few children, and had not undergone tubal ligation were more often aware of the fertility risks posed by their treatment.

The results of this study suggest that better communication and awareness about fertility is critical in order for AA patients to make informed decisions about their treatment.  In line with prior research, definite plans for childbearing, relationship status or sexual orientation should not play a role in whether or not someone is informed about their fertility risks. To learn more about this study or to read, “A pilot study to examine patient awareness and provider discussion of the impact of cancer treatment on fertility in a registry-based sample of African American women with breast cancer,” please click here.

Laxmi Kondapalli being interviewed by Dayle Cedars from Channel 7 news in Denver

One of the many, if not one of the most, important aims of the Oncofertility Consortium and its emphasis on fertility preservation research and clinical care, is “training the next generation.” Not only is the mission of the Consortium to improve fertility outcomes for patients undergoing cancer treatment, but it is also to ensure that future basic scientists and clinicians continue to expand current knowledge, research, clinical practice, and training in fertility preservation outcomes.  Laxmi Kondapalli, MD, MSCE, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Colorado and Women’s Reproductive Health Research Scholar in the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility is a realization of this goal. Let’s start at the beginning…

In March 2006, Laxmi was finishing up her residency training at Northwestern University in Obstetrics and Gynecology when she met Teresa K Woodruff, PhD, Director of the Oncofertility Consortium. Laxmi shared her interest in Reproductive Endocrinology (REI) with Dr. Woodruff, but expressed her desire to do basic science/bench research first, before embarking on clinical training and practice. According to Laxmi, “Meeting Dr. Woodruff changed the trajectory of my career.  She has incredible vision, particularly for someone who is not a clinician, on how to bridge science with individual care.”

Shortly after her meeting with Dr. Woodruff, Laxmi started working in the Woodruff Lab in August 2006. It was at the start of her tenure in the lab when she found out that Dr. Woodruff was one of the finalists for the prestigious National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap Grant (aka, the grant that brought the “idea” of the Oncofertility Consortium to fruition). Together, they put the 1,000 page grant together over a 10 week period with help from members of the Woodruff Lab and other academics from within Northwestern and around the country. Laxmi explains, “It was being at the right place at the right time and the Oncofertility Consortium was a perfect fit for me because of my interest in REI and because it was a way for me to really see how you can translate work that we do in the laboratory to really impact clinical and patient care.”

In 2007, the Oncofertility Consortium was funded by the NIH, and Laxmi was A) not only a first-time grant writer, but a grant writer for one of the biggest grants given out (“for me, it was a valuable experience on so many levels”), B) processing and freezing A LOT of ovarian tissue in her lab work and C) navigating patients with the Fertility Preservation Patient Navigator who was receiving referrals from all over the country to do tissue freezing. By 2008, after two years in the Woodruff Lab working hands on with tissue, Laxmi was ready to embark on an REI fellowship and she had her sights set on an institution that would allow her to expand her work in fertility preservation while ideally being involved with the Oncofertility Consortium.

Stay tuned for Part 2 of the amazing, fabulous Laxmi Kondapalli success story!

By Maya M. Harper, M.A.

Every year, 70,000 adolescents and young adults (AYAs) between the ages of 15-40 are diagnosed with cancer. They may experience this diagnosis as a devastating twist of fate that has the potential for derailing their life from its current track. However, with the changes in the oncology field, cancer has become something that is survivable. People can and do have full lives after cancer.

The cancer treatments that can save a person’s life are not without risks. One of these risks is loss or impairment of fertility. There are proactive measures, such as sperm banking and embryo freezing, that a person can take if they have time before treatment. However, they may not find out about these services until it is too late. Even if they are presented with options, they must make decisions when they are already overwhelmed with making decisions about cancer treatment.

It is not uncommon nowadays for people to put off having children or even thinking about children until 30 or later. A cancer diagnosis means that a young adult may have this decision thrust upon them without warning. They may not have a partner. Kids may be the furthest thing from their minds. They have to make the decision not only of whether they want children, but also whether they are willing to have a child with the intervention of medical technology. Heterosexual people, in particular, may have always assumed that they could have children “naturally” someday. They may have much to consider. Fertility issues can also impact the romantic relationships of young adults who have been diagnosed with cancer.

Our new study – An Examination of Cancer Related Fertility Concerns– seeks to find out how people learn about and feel about fertility implications of cancer and cancer treatment. We would also like to find out whether there are differences in the ways that people of various sexual orientations and genders experience these implications. Heterosexual people and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people may tend to have different views of biological reproduction even prior to a cancer diagnosis.

Therefore, we are recruiting people who were diagnosed with cancer as young adults. We’d like to talk with them about their experiences for 45 minutes to an hour. I am excited to begin this study, because it is something that is truly novel. We are looking at oncofertility through a different lens than has been done before.  We may find interesting and useful results about the roles of sexual orientation and gender with respect to oncofertility. If you are interested in the study, please contact Maya Harper at maya-harper@northwestern.edu

Earlier this year, I blogged about a young woman and volunteer with Bright Pink, Kristin Nelson, who had preventative ovarian removal after she tested positive for BRCA1. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are a class of genes otherwise known as tumor suppressors, and a mutation of these genes has been linked to a significantly increased risk for the development of breast and ovarian cancer at an early age. Kristin had enough of a family history of breast and ovarian cancer to want to take measures to protect herself, should she develop cancer as well. Knowing this would impact her fertility, she decided to bank eggs and embryos prior to her oophorectomy.

Luckily, Kristin knew enough about her fertility risks with BRCA1 to pursue fertility preservation prior to her surgery, but not everyone has the same experience. In an attempt to raise awareness and education about fertility preservation in high-risk young women, Bright Pink has partnered up with the Oncofertility Consortium to present, Fertility Preservation for High-Risk Young Women National Teleconference on November 15^th at 8:00EST. The teleconference seeks to help high-risk young women understand the basics of fertility concerns, their options for fertility perseveration and parenthood, and provide valuable resources that are available. Leading the information session will be Oncofertility Consortium Director, Teresa K Woodruff, along with Kristin Nelson and Melissa Synder from Bright Pink. To learn more about how you can participate in this teleconference or to register, please visit www.bebrightpink.org.

Are you a cancer survivor? Help oncofertility researchers study and prevent treatment-induced fertility loss by joining the FIRST online fertility registry for cancer survivors!

At the Oncofertility Consortium, we are always trying to make sure that we have the most up-to-date and accessible information regarding fertility preservation, particularly for patients. Whether we are partnering with advocacy groups to let patients know about support services available to them or we are sharing the latest research being done in fertility preservation, we want to make sure that we reach as many people as we can. One way that we work to do this is by making sure fertility preservation information shared on our partner websites is accessible to non-English speakers.

Currently, both of our sister sites, www.SaveMyFertility.org and www.MyOncofertility.org, have Spanish translations. Spanish seemed like the logical next step to creating a larger readership and expanding our reach within the oncofertility and patient community. Now we’re on to phase 2: Italian via Dormant Buds Association and website!!

Dormant Buds is an association founded based on the ideas of a gynecologist who works at a public hospital and specializes in fertility.  After contact with dozens of patients who, because of aggressive therapies, lost their ability to have children, the doctor, along with the help of a group of volunteers, designed a reference website, www.gemmedormienti.it. In the Section “Domande,” are Italian translations of the MyOncofertility.org animations. Take a look at this new website to see the latest translation!

Are you a cancer survivor? Help oncofertility researchers study and prevent treatment-induced fertility loss by joining the FIRST online fertility registry for cancer survivors!

We hope that all patients of reproductive age who are diagnosed with cancer have the opportunity to discuss oncofertility with their provider shortly after diagnosis. This conversation should include the options, risks, benefits and various outcomes of available fertility preservation techniques. Oncofertility decisions can have a big impact on a cancer patients life, both in the moment and as they move forward through treatment, recovery and remission.

One aspect of oncofertility decision-making that needs to be explored is the impact the actual conversation can have on a newly diagnosed cancer patient. This discussion may have a significant effect on patients who were previously ambivalent or not interested in having biological children.  What was not an issue in this individual’s life prior to their diagnosis may now become something with which they struggle.  It’s true that not everyone plans to have children and what you may feel in your mid-20s could certainly change as you age and your life circumstances change. Nonetheless, men and women often make a conscious decision not to have children.

Discussing fertility preservation may lead a cancer patient to struggle with a decision that was already made prior to their diagnosis because they feel it should be important to them.  A cancer patient’s journey is complex and although fertility preservation options provide so much hope and joy to some, it can be a mixed blessing for others.  According to Leonard Sender, MD in “Reading Between the Lines of Cancer and Fertility: A Providers Story,” “having children is no longer a default expectation of becoming an adult, or even of getting married.” Thus, a provider shouldn’t assume that just because a patient can have children, doesn’t necessarily mean they want to.

For a newly diagnosed cancer patient, all the decisions they make will have a big influence on their lives from the point of diagnosis onward.  It’s important for providers to consider that not all patients want fertility preservation and that these decisions may have been weighed and assessed long before the cancer diagnosis, not because the patient is focused on other aspects of their treatment. To read more about this, including a case study of a cancer patient who chose not to pursue fertility preservation, please read “Reading Between the Lines of Cancer and Fertility: A Providers Story,” by Leonard Sender, MD in Oncofertility: Ethical, Legal, Social and Medical Perspectives. 

The goal of oncofertility is to preserve the future fertility of cancer patients and ensure they have reproductive choice after they’ve finished treatment. Not all methods of fertility preservation are considered “established” techniques meaning they are viewed as experimental and must be offered under Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocols (an IRB is a committee that has been designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical research involving humans in order to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects).

Oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation are two separate techniques that still need basic and clinical research before they can become established methods of fertility preservation. As a result, research participants are needed for the use of oocytes and ovarian tissue. This creates the question, “who is the most appropriate population to participate in investigational fertility preservation research?”

Populations who have participated in research or who have been suggested as good potential participants are: cancer patients, fertility patients, women who are already donating oocytes for reproduction and healthy research volunteers donating oocytes or ovarian tissue for the sole purpose of research.  Each group comes with their own ethical and theoretical challenges, but for the sake of time, we’ll focus specifically on cancer patients.

In the case of ovarian tissue cryopreservation, researchers rely primarily on cancer patients for ovarian tissue, allowing patients to donate up to 20% of their ovarian tissue for research purposes. According to Michelle McGowan, PhD, in “Participation in Investigational Fertility Preservation Research: A Feminist Research Ethics Approach,” there is a concern that cancer patients who participate in investigational fertility preservations studies “may raise the potential for false hope both for fertility preservation and for cancer treatment.” McGowan argues that even though cancer patients are in a position to benefit from the outcomes of the research, they are also the most vulnerable because they may not understand that a technique is still considered investigational.  This means that there is a possibility they may remain infertile after the procedure.

Nonetheless, while there are certain drawbacks associated with each potential research participant population, cancer patients are the most ideal candidates for research since they are the ones who will benefit from their outcomes the most.  Healthy research participants risk damaging their reproductive health by participating in investigational fertility preservation research whereas a cancer patient’s fertility is already at risk so participation may be the best option for preserving their future fertility.  To learn more about the ethical implications of participation in fertility preservation research, please read, “Participation in Investigational Fertility Preservation Research: A Feminist Research Ethics Approach,” by Michelle McGowan, PhD., in Oncofertility: Ethical, Legal, Social and Medical Perspectives. To learn about joining a research study involving ovarian tissue cryopreservation, contact the national FERTLINE at 866-708-FERT (3378).

It’s not uncommon for people to gift others with money on a birthday, or a graduation, at a wedding, etc.., but what about when people really need it? What about when people are in times of personal crisis?  Statistics show that 60% of all bankruptcies are a result of medical costs with most people unable to pay for emergency medical care even with the help of insurance. GiveForward, a fundraising website, was created to help individuals cope with a medical emergency with the financial and emotional support of family and friends.

GiveForward is a fundraising website which allows it’s users to create secure, fundraising webpages to raise money for emergency situations. The majority of fundraising pages are created to cover medical costs with 60% of beneficiaries fighting cancer. According to Ariana Vargas, Development Associate with GiveForward, the organization seeks to empower the friends and family of a loved one going through an illness to provide both emotional and financial support through a fundraising webpage. “It can be hard to know what to do or say when a loved one faces a medical emergency. GiveForward wants to help answer the question, ‘what can I do?’”

GiveForward provides support in addition to the fundraising tool available on the website to make the financial impact for the beneficiary more effective. Personal fundraising coaches are assigned to each individual in order to make the process as easy as possible considering all the stress the beneficiary is already under. Fundraising coaches help beneficiaries in a number of ways including, providing them with email templates to send out to family and friends when asking for donations as well as checking up with them throughout the process to give them tips and guidance for reaching their fundraising goals.

Several cancer patients have used GiveForward to raise money for fertility preservation procedures and Ariana is one of the members at GiveForward who helps them raise the funds they need in the short timeframe they have. She states that many cancer patients needing fertility preservation have discussed this with close family and friends so asking a family member to kick off the fundraiser with a substantial amount, really can set the tone for high donations. Like anything else though, “what you put into it is what you’ll get out of it,” so if you spend the time to personalize your fundraiser to those you are asking to contribute, you’re more likely to reach your goal.

This Sunday, August 7^th, you can find the GiveForward fundraising team at the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Walk finish line at Soldier Field in Chicago, IL. They’ll be wearing gray t-shirts with a pink elephant encouraging people to start talking about the elephant in the room and erase the stigma behind asking for help. For more information or to see examples of fundraisers, including those for fertility preservation procedures, please visit www.GiveForward.com.

Planning a family post-cancer can be a complicated process if a patient’s fertility was compromised during their cancer treatment. Depending on a cancer survivor’s prior treatment regime and subsequent fertility options, a number of family planning options may be available to them.  I spoke with Angela Lawson, PhD, a Psychologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in the department of Reproductive Endocrinology to learn more about what reproductive options are available to cancer patients who have been left infertile as a result of their cancer or cancer treatment.

One option for women who have banked eggs prior to cancer treatment or whose ovaries are still intact, but do not have a functioning uterus, is to use a gestational carrier. A gestational carrier or surrogate is implanted with an embryo, to which she may or may not have a genetic relationship with, and then carries the fetus to term. Once the baby is born, he/she is then legally placed with the intended parents where they then sign their names on his/her birth certificate.

Individuals can either go through an agency to find a gestational carrier or they can choose someone they know, possibly a friend or family member. Going through an agency can cost upwards of $100,000 with costs to the carrier, the agency, insurance and IVF to stimulate egg production. Going with someone you know is less costly and often makes people more comfortable knowing they have a personal relationship with the carrier that precedes the surrogacy. Personal relationships can lead to more emotional implications – the surrogate should feel comfortable giving the child to the intended parents knowing they will remain in the periphery of his/her life. Check out our blog, Delivering Hope, to learn more about one family’s incredible experience with surrogacy.

An option available to women who do not have the use of their own eggs, but can carry a fetus, is egg donation, whereby the cancer survivor follows a similar selection process as they would if they used a gestational carrier. Often, the medical community prefers the recipient use an anonymous donor rather than use donor eggs from someone they have a personal relationship with. This prevents complications that can arise in the event that the egg donor experiences any complications later in life which may impact her fertility before she has the opportunity to parent a child. If using an agency, egg donation is currently entirely anonymous.

All potential gestational carriers and egg donors go through a rigorous medical and psychological screening to ensure that they are being honest about themselves, to ensure they are stable and that they are not at risk for emotional vulnerability which can pose problems once the child is born. According to Dr. Lawson, about 50-75% of surrogacy and egg donor arrangements make it through the screening and move forward with the process.

If egg donation and surrogacy are off the table, adoption is always a great option too.  Having a history of cancer can make the process a little more challenging as not all agencies will adopt to cancer survivors. Sometimes either the agency or the birth parents are concerned about cancer recurrence and the subsequent repercussions to the adoptive child. Bearing this in mind, the Oncofertility Consortium compiled a list of cancer-friendly adoption agencies for survivors interested in navigating this option.

For more information on your reproductive options post-cancer, please contact our Fertility Preservation Patient Navigator, Kristin Smith, to learn more about resources in your area.